![]() are exclusively buzz pollinated that control the rate of pollen removal as well as exclude pollen thieves such as hoverflies ( Simosyrphus spp.) and stingless bees ( Trigona spp.). These include the presence of poricidal anthers and the lack of nectar or other pollen rewards, which dispense pollen only to the authorized buzz pollinators. For instance, Solanum-type flowers have evolved across Primilaceae, Gesneriaceae, and Ericaceae, in addition to Solanaceae with typical characteristics of buzz-pollinated species. It is suggested that the buzz pollinated plants are a typical example of convergent evolution, as similar flower morphologies appear to evolve among different unrelated families. We conclude that regardless of buzzing frequency, buzzing duration is the most critical factor in pollen removal in this species.īuzz pollination, a specialized pollination syndrome, is found in ~6% of flowering plants, where pollen grains are concealed inside poricidal anthers. While we did not find any significant differences in buzzing frequency among different genera, an artificial pollen collection experiment using an electric toothbrush showed that the amount of pollen extracted is significantly affected by the duration of buzzing. Bee genera varied in their duration of total buzzing time, duration of each visit, and mass. We found five major bee genera: Exomalopsis, Halictus, Megachile, Bombus, and Xylocopa, as the most common floral visitors on S. ![]() ![]() elaeagnifolium, their acoustic parameters (buzzing amplitude, frequency, and duration of buzzing) and estimated the effects of the latter two factors on pollen extraction. Over two years, we documented the floral visitors on S. We examined the pollination biology of Silverleaf nightshade ( Solanum elaeagnifolium), a worldwide invasive weed, in its native range in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) in south Texas. Although a large body of work has examined the ecology of buzz pollination, whether acoustic properties of buzz pollinators affect pollen extraction is less understood, especially in weeds and invasive species. Buzz pollination is a specialized pollination syndrome that requires vibrational energy to extract concealed pollen grains from poricidal anthers.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |